Aviation, Aerospace or Airport Industry Essay

In order to assess aviation, aerospace or airport industry practice to the field of Marketing I have chosen to focus on the aviation industry and the marketing practices they have adopted in order to deal compete effectively in the current recessional environment.   This document focuses on the 4 P’s of Marketing (Kotler, 2008) and discusses how airlines have altered their approach to Product, Price, Place and Promotion in order to continue to successfully compete and respond to the changing needs of their customer base.   One company in particular, Southwest Airlines, will be explored in more detail with the marketing practices forming the basis for further exploration of the key themes. The Aviation Industry The events of September the 11th coupled with a growing economic recession have created an extremely challenging environment for the airline industry.   Forecasts produced by the Civil Aviation Authority indicate that the situation may not improve for quite some time with passenger traffic not expected to fully recover in the next five years (Figure 1). Figure One:   Actual and Forecast Traffic (m) 2007-2012 Fiscal Year No. Passengers Domestic (US) No. Passengers International (US) No. Passengers Total (US) 2007 577.8 53.6 631.4 2008 (F) 590.4 54.2 644.7 2009 (F) 610.9 54.9 665.8 2010 (F) 639.8 56.4 696.3 2011 (F) 626.7 56.7 683.4 2012 (F) 576.8 50.8 627.6 In order to deal with this airlines are significantly altering their marketing practices and methods of distribution in order to operate more efficiently and competitively.   Major changes have been observed over the past couple of years with some of these constituting complete overhauls of the traditional operation of the industry.   Southwest Airlines is an airline which has strongly positioned itself on â€Å"being different† through all elements of its service and product. At its core is its mission, which specifies that the airline is dedicated to â€Å"the highest quality of customer Service delivered with a sense of warmth, friendliness, individual pride, and Company Spirit†.   At first glance the concept of â€Å"high quality† and â€Å"low cost† appear to contradict one another.   However, Southwest airlines maintain that this is not the case and they have not compromised on quality or safety.   Awards such as â€Å"Triple Crown† which is awarded for low customer complaints, flight timeliness and baggage turnaround times, indicates that this may indeed be true. In order to better understand the key industry trends and how airlines have attempted to use these to their advantage, it is worth considering the marketing mixes of aviation companies such as Southwest Airlines and assessing how these have been altered in order to attract and retain a diminishing customer base. Marketing Practices Product The product element of the marketing mix concerns offering the right product to the right target market.   The products on offer through the airline industry have changed significantly over the past twenty-five years. Flying, which at one point was exclusively for the wealthy, has become more accessible and today there are a large numbers of airlines that cater for even larger numbers of customers.   In order to compete in this environment airlines have invested significant amounts of money in distinguishing their products and services from their competitors. For Southwest Airlines, this has entailed differentiating their product through redesigning the service their provide to customers.   Although, on the surface, their â€Å"no frills† concept appears very simple, delivering it in a way that doesn’t negatively impact customer experience is somewhat of an art.   In order to successfully implement this business model Southwest airlines have invested significant amounts of money in understanding their customer needs and motivations and used this as the basis for their value proposition. Through researching their customer base they have been able to identify which services were not valued above price by the customer and have eradicated them, thus lowering their operating costs and passing these savings directly onto the customer.   In addition to that, the involvement and support of their staff is paramount.   This is achieved through the company culture, a family orientated set up which promotes teamwork and values employee’s opinions and suggestions for improvement.   Southwest Airlines have recognized that employee participation and support is critical to the achievement of their aspirations and have successfully build a team of 29,000 with the lowest turnover rate in the industry. Price Since the deregulation of the airline industry in 1978, the airline industry has become highly price sensitive and many customers will generally purchase from the most competitively priced airline, viewing separate company’s offerings as perfect substitutes.   In order to maximize the profit from each flight, many airlines operate a variable pricing approach that is based on the needs of individual customers.   This approach attempts to identify and separate those customers who are concerned about price from those who are willing to pay more in order to attain a seat on the flight. As well as partitioning flights into first, business and economy classes, airlines attempt to maximize their revenue by offering a mixture of full price and discounted tickets within these segments.   Using detailed information related to market trends, forecasts and seasonal variations the major airlines implement inventory management approaches that help to define the demand and subsequent price for each seat on the flight. More than 90 percent of the tickets sold by U.S. airlines are now discounted (Costello 2001) and in the last twenty years flight prices have dropped by approximately 75% (Miller, 2007). According to a renowned marketing strategist, David Aaker (2001), one of the ways in which companies can successfully compete in a price sensitive marketplace is to offer higher value to their customers.   This view is supported by many theorists, many of whom believe that the industry is currently â€Å"giving away† flights (Marketing Week, 2003, p.35).   This view however, is challenged by the success of low cost airlines such as Southwest (US), JetBlue and Ryanair (UK) who have redefined their value propositions by stripping down their services in order to offer rock bottom prices. In order to competitively price their offering Southwest Airlines focused on streamlining their operations.   The idea behind this was simple, by lowering their costs, Southwest could offer reduced prices to their customer base.   This was achieved by removing services that were not valued in the eyes of the customer, such as physical ticketing, amenity kits, onboard snacks and seat reservations.   The customers get what they pay for and pay for what they want. Place Airlines predominantly operate through two distribution systems; the ticket and the flight. The Ticket Historically ticket sales were conducted through travel agents and brokers who liaised with the customer on an airline’s behalf.   However, in recent years the growth in popularity of the internet as a medium through which flights can be booked has led to increased levels of direct relationships between the airline and the customer base during the ticketing stage.   Through interfacing directly with the customer many airlines have reduced their distribution costs by as much as 10% (Miller 2004) and have subsequently been better placed to compete on a price basis in the marketplace. The Flight Marketing practices relating to the flight itself have also seen changes in recent years.  Ã‚   Historically, the flight represented a direct relationship between the customer and the airline but the increasing trend towards inter-airline alliances such as Star (United Airlines, Virgin, BMI, Thai etc.) Oneworld (American Airlines, British Airways, Quantas etc.) and SkyTeam (Delta Air Lines, Air France, and AeroMexico) has transformed the distribution channel from direct to indirect with airlines placing trust in their competitors to service the customers appropriately. Although this may be perceived as a risky approach, the benefits gained from such agreements are of significance.   Through forming partnerships airlines can gain additional routes, marketing power and global presence.   Southwest Airlines have gone one step further in the design of their place strategy.  Ã‚   Through focussing of the short-haul domestic market in the US they have ensured that the average duration of their flights is less than one hour.   This increases their probability of meeting desired time schedules and subsequently directly improves customer satisfaction. Promotion One of the most popular marketing tools within the airline industry is the frequent flyer program.   Airlines reward loyal customers by giving them extras such as upgrades, additional luggage allowance, priority booking and access to business lounges.   Such programs are clearly very popular with approximately 25% of Americas belonging to at least one loyalty program. (Costello, 2001, p.B9). The customer experience itself represents another key area in which aviation companies strive to successfully promote their offerings.   Areas of the operation such as baggage turnaround, timeliness of flights and numbers of customer complaints are measured through Key Performance Indicators and communicated openly to customers and employees. The understanding here is that high service quality will lead to happier customers, higher sales and higher profits. (Czaplewski, Ferguson, Milliman, 2001, p.14-17). Southwest Airline’s latest promotional program is â€Å"Ding†, a real time notification system that informs their customers of the latest offers and developments.   The messages communicated to customers are carefully targeted and segmented and utilize SMS and email systems to deliver the communication directly to the right customer. Conclusion In order to be successful in the current market, airlines need to develop a deep understanding of their customer base.   Through understanding their customer’s motivations, hot buttons and unmet needs (Aaker, 2001) they can develop marketing practices which allow them to compete in this demanding environment. The market is seeing significant changes as companies develop different approaches to increasing their sales or lowering their costs and a carefully designed and implemented marketing mix is critical to success in this environment. References Czaplewski, A.; Ferguson, J.; Milliman, J. Southwest Airlines: How Internal Marketing Pilots. Success, Marketing Management,   2001, p. 14-17 Costello, J. (2001, November 6). Gounded: Airlines Attempt to Win Back Former Frequent Flyers International Civil Aviation Authority, Airline Traffic Forecasts and Financial Trends — 2006 to 2008, I, January 2007. Miller, W. (2004, August 16). Airlines take to the internet. Industry Week, 248(15),   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   130-133. Retrieved March 23, 2008 from ProQuest database. Newsweek. (2003, September 18). Good times in the skies. p. 58. AAker, D, 6th Ed, 2001, Strategic Market Management Kotler et al, 13th Ed, 2008, Marketing Management www.Southwest airlines.com

Options And Corporate Finance Essay

In a perfect world, the stock price will drop by the amount of the â€Å"special one- time† dividend on the ex-dividend date. If we ignore taxes as we do in this mini- case the wealth of the shareholders doesn’t change if the company pays a special one-time dividend or not because it is reflected in the stock price. As we also saw in class that a dividend policy for a company is irrelevant since investors can convert share to cash or create their own homemade dividends payments if they prefer an income stream. In essence, paying the dividend is transferring money from the company to the shareholders but net the wealth of the shareholder stay the same due to a similar drop in the share price, but the value of the company will decrease. 2. The proposal of Jessica could go both ways, it could increase the value of the company or decrease the value, for the simple reason that we don’t have any information about leverage, the amount of debt, capital structure etc. If the company is overleveraged that will result in extra costs of financial distress, which consist of direct, indirect and agency costs. An overleveraged company goes past the optimal point and will decrease in value as you can see from the red line. If this is the case then it would be a good idea to reduce the amount of debt which results in a reduction of costs related to financial distress and invest the money in new facilities to increase the overall value of the company. If the company didn’t reach it equilibrium point than it would be a bad idea to reduce the amount of debt because it will decrease the value of the company due to the tax advantages (tax shield), so it would be better to keep the amount of debt to and maybe even increase the debt to reach the maximum company value. This are two options which can increase or decrease the value of the company. Another point could be that we don’t know about future prospect of the current technology and if there is enough demand, and if they now use their full production capacity. If not the case then it would be a bad idea to upgrade and expand, but it would be better to invest in research for new technology. 3. Nolan is correct in the sense that all three indicators will increase due to share repurchase. It will increase the P/E ratio because there are less shares available and it will reduce the denominator of both ROA and ROE which will result in an increase in both ratios. However, a share repurchase will not have any effect on the value of the company for the reasons we discussed in question 1, which is that the dividend policy is irrelevant to the value of the company and it won’t have any effect on the wealth of shareholders. 4. When a company starts with a dividend policy it gives a signal to the shareholders/investors that they are committed to distribute part of their income to their shareholders. If they would start with regular dividend payments they should be sure that they are able to continue that forever, because a reduction in dividend or if they stop paying dividend at all at a later stage will send a negative signal to the market and shareholders/investors. So, they need to make sure that they have enough cash to keep the dividend policy going. To come back to the question, I would evaluate it regarding the company’s ability to pay the dividend for an infinite time period and I they will have enough cash in the future or generate enough cash in the future to pay the dividends. 5. If the company wants to expand (and it is able to do so) the trade-off is lower dividends to their shareholders than when they are a mature company who has no growth potential than they would pay dividend. The implications of the formula are that the company should make a trade-off/decision between company growth or pay the dividend to its shareholders. To please its shareholders and to maximize the company’s value, the company should deliver the required rate of return which is wanted by the shareholders or deliver a higher return to make the shareholders happy. If the company can have a higher rate of return than wanted by the shareholders it should retain earnings to invest in the growth to increase the rate of return, when this is not possible it should pay the shareholders their dividend to give them their required rate of return. But if the company retain its earnings when the rate of return is lower than wanted by the shareholders it lowers the company’s value .

Stratigic Plan for Public Health Organization Coursework

Stratigic Plan for Public Health Organization - Coursework Example STRATEGIC PLAN FOR LAKE COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT Our Vision: Our vision is to promote and protect the health of Waukegan Illinois through assessment, policy development, and assurance. Our Mission statement: The mission of the Lake County Health Department is to promote and protect the health of Illinois residents through networking and collaborative actions that raise public awareness, build a constituency, and influences legislation and policies concerning public health issues affecting northern Illinois.   Our Values: We believe that services must be available without barriers. No resident should be turned away due to an inability to pay. We also believe in providing services in an environment of mutual respect, free of discrimination or any bias (Lakecountyil.gov, 2013). Our core competencies a) This department came into existence in 1956, established by referendum. Back then, it had a small bunch of people. However, today it boasts of over one-thousand professional assisting i n all aspects of health, with an approximate working budget of seventy-million US dollars. b) Of all the human service providers under the Lake County, we are the biggest, with a twelve member Health Board governing this department. c) Nationwide, we rank among the top six of all two-thousand, eight hundred and sixty four health departments at the local level. d) We are members under the Northern Illinois Public Health Consortium, an organization that serves the Chicago city and the Winnebago, Mchenry, Kendall, Lake, Kane, Cook, Dupage, and Will counties in terms of complex health matters. The Environmental Scan. An environmental scan is the systematic way of finding out and interpreting the external environment to know the trends and factors of change, and their likely impacts on an organization in the future. Economic aspects Increase or entry of new security risks will affect the ability to respond to emergencies. This will affect this department in that we may not respond to eme rgencies resulting from crime and health risks as we lack the training of responding to security risks. Global economic transformation on Health care due to advance in competition may find workers not adequately prepared for new work processes. Impacts of globalization of Health care owing to economic integration and liberalization of trade globally will mean that workers have to deal with more potentially dangerous diseases. Social/ demographic aspects High risk groups such as foreign workers, older and new workers will affect the workplace. This is because language and cultural barriers, lack of training as well as the work organization mean a possibility in increase of injuries or work blunders. The raising of the educational and general worker bar in qualifying as a health worker means injury rates will reduce because of better training and more workers that are competent. Aging of the American population will affect the workforce in that chronic injuries and illnesses may incre ase. In addition, older workers take longer to recover from such. Legal/ policy aspects Increase in the enforcement of health and safety regulations by the government means pushing towards greater compliance that will help in better competence and more output. Smoking ban in workplaces and public spaces means workers will no longer get exposure to

Project management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Project management - Coursework Example An estimate of the project baseline includes a construction of about 29 miles of the express lanes. The construction cost of the project estimated to approximately $950 million, comprising of the labor and material costs. The project is to help in moving more people with fewer cars, thereby giving more transportation choices that assist in saving time, money, and improves on the environment. In accord, the project anticipated to support approximately 8,000 jobs during the construction period and in return, stimulate to about $2 billion in the state economy. The project baseline estimated to extend the nine miles of the existing lanes that alleviate one of the region’s worst traffic backups. The expansion of the lanes also comprises of the addition and an expansion of the commuter parking lot (Haynes & LearnKey, 2010). The cost baseline of the project in building the 495 express lanes downsized as follows. The project estimated and budgeted for a cost of $950 million, where 95 Express provides $860 million in funding (Project, 2014). The amount comprises of the anticipated TIFIA loan that is $310 million that is expected to be available in October 2015. The VDOT will provide an amount of $ 75 million in public funds, being a lower value than an original estimate of about $90, as a result to the lower than expected costs at the closing. The tolls projected to be collected electronically by the use of the E-ZPass therefore eliminating the need of the tollbooths. The period of the project execution estimated to about two years, having a direct impact on the approximated cost of the task. Ensuring a good communication in a project might be a challenging task, especially to the project manager. Communication not only enables everyone to keep up-to-date on the project progress, it also facilitates the buy-in and the ownership of the major project milestones and decisions. Therefore, a project manager has to ensure the

QUALITY FROM THE CONSUMER'S PERSPECTIVE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

QUALITY FROM THE CONSUMER'S PERSPECTIVE - Essay Example The research proposal has brought out the definition of terms like ‘quality’, and ‘quality and customer’s perspective’. The variables that influence the perception of quality have been discussed. The concept of boutique hotels has been discussed briefly after which information about the smaller hotels has been brought out. The research method and approach has been discussed at length and the questionnaire formulated based on the information about quality and perception of quality by the customer. Both primary and secondary data would be collected and the research design has been discussed. The service sector and the smaller hotels have been chosen because this could help the hotels to change their marketing strategies and adopt a long-term approach. Achieving quality has become a global issue as more and more organizations attempt to enhance quality of their product or service offerings. To day in any sector, in any region, it is not enough to provide good quality product or service. Quality is not perceived as a strategy and not merely to make profits. The quality has to be measured from customers’ perspective and this requires understanding the requirements, expectations, preferences and experiences of consumers (Stern et al. 2003). Quantitative and qualitative feedback from consumers is a critical component as it helps the managers and decision-makers to assess their strategy and improve performance. The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Awards (1999) advocates strong quality focus within all processes at all levels and it has now been recognized to apply equally to service enterprises including tourism and hospitality, healthcare and education. The hospitality industry has been trying and vying to attract repeat customers and for this they need to have a quality approach to customer needs and expectations. This suggests that customer’s perspective could guide the industry in enhancing the services. Douglas

Controversial topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Controversial topic - Essay Example Regarding effects due to gene-flow, the EPA showed in 2010 that 83% of wild or weedy canola contains genetically-modified herbicide-resistant genes that were linked to GMO canola crops [2]; if the canola plant were a â€Å"pest plant†, this could hurt the environment Insect-resistance strains significantly decrease pest populations while increasing non-pest insect populations; insect-resistant strains also decreased the amount of pesticides used – and their negative effect on the environment – by 15%, in 2006 [3] Also, not as much resistance as might believed: a series of studies from the Pew Institute showed that most Americans do not support the banning of GMO foods, but instead want the safety of the foods highly regulated [6] End with quote from economist Paul Collier, of Oxford University: â€Å"Genetic modification is analogous to nuclear power: nobody loves it, but climate change has made its adoption imperative.† [7] In this case, increasing world population, combined with decreasing farmable land, may make the adoption of GMOs inevitable. So, let’s fund more research and oversight of GMO

International Business Environment Assenment Essay

International Business Environment Assenment - Essay Example The company has maintained at a stable growth of just below 8% in terms of currency revenue and over 5% organic revenue growth. The company has also witnessed a stable profit growth over the past years and last year the company recorded a 9% increase in the operating profit growth margin. Consequently, other business branches in places like North America are performing exceptionally well and are experiencing high levels of customer retentions. Business operations in places like Europe are also firm despite the increasingly harsh economic conditions, which are likely to remain so. The company has also unveiled strategies that will enable it operate competently in the, market and make it own the largest share among their competitors. The current year’s cash flow is quite impressive and is maintained at the top peak. This has enabled the company to indulge in further investment and engage more investors and shareholders in the market. The business also has sufficient amount to aw ard its shareholders. The years also witnessed a number of acquisition in terms of which have also made a significant contribution to the company growth. In addition, the business has experienced growth in some areas due to increased outsourcing from various parts of the world. This enables them to produce a variety, which in return meets various customer needs. The retention rate of the business is high with a 94.3% stand. The company director also attributed the high growth rates to the price increase that was made on the commodities. They are also creating strategies that enable them get high sales in low sales regions such as Japan and Europe. Overall, the company is doing excellent except for the flat sales volumes in Europe and Japan. The company has also instituted strategies to introduce new products that may help in boosting sales in these places. Associated British Foods Associated British foods are equally a very strong player in the food industry. Their multinational eff ect has grown and they are currently competing very strongly against their worldwide competitors. With over 46 branches worldwide, the company has ensured high productivity in terms of o productivity. In regards to financial performance, the company registered an increase in their turnover rate. In 2009, the company had $9255 while in the year 2012 the company had $12252. This signifies a trend of excellence in performance and the manner in which the company operations are done. There is also an increase in the operating adjusted profits from $664 in 2009 to $1077. The company motivates its employees by paying them 130% of their salaries. This in turn led to an increased 20% in terms of achievement of the company objectives. Consequently, the company has set financial targets in every branch that they have, and these operate competitively to achieve the objectives. The company also capitalizes on bonus reduction to increase its net revenues. Identify and provide an assessment of how the key factors within the international business environment

Airport Growth Data Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Airport Growth Data - Research Paper Example When compared with international or regional trends, one finds that these have been starkly drawn up with passenger traffic and the volume of flights coming in and going out of an airport. This is the reason why much success is indeed linked up with how airports grow over a period of time and showcase the real basis of national and international traffic (Teck & Wai, 2002). The growth has been consistent because airliners have come up; fleets expanded and overall productivity is being seen across the ranks. This is the reason why many airports are now bringing in more luxuries and facilities for their passengers on a constant basis. Planning essentially plays a very quintessential role at suggesting how successful initiatives are being drawn up within the ranks of the airports in the time and age of today (Pitt & Brown, 2001). This is the reason why many airports are doing their best to accommodate as many passengers and flights as

Marketing Mix for U.S.A car market Chery Cars China Essay - 12

Marketing Mix for U.S.A car market Chery Cars China - Essay Example Toyota has also achieved success using a similar strategy. The paper recommends that Chery improves a few aspects of its marketing mix by making its activities more adaptive to the US market. Chery is China’s top car exporter with sales in over 100 countries in the world. The company has car assembly plants Asia, Africa, Europe, and South America and utilizes proprietary technology in the manufacture of cars and car components for original-equipment companies all over the world (National bureau of statistics of China, 2005). The company now has its own car models and over the past five years it has been accelerating globalization by entering new markets all over the world (Chery Auto Ltd, 2010). The USA is known for its car market culture that is largely associated with the catch phrase ‘American Dream’. This implies high quality flashy vehicles that are also expensive and high on fuel consumption (Isobel and Robin, 2009). Over the years the market has been characterized by high vehicle sales rates and competition between few but powerful car manufacturers. However, economic struggles and new fuel consumption restrictions have changed this culture over the last decade (Isobel and Robin, 2009). Marketing mix generally involves the development and coordination of marketing activities products, their pricing, their promotion, and their distribution (Chai, 2009). Traditionally the main considerations for marketing mix were referred to as the 4Ps including product, price, place, and promotion (Chai, 2009). With increasing sophistication of the marketing, three more Ps have been added to make what is now known as the 7Ps of marketing. These include people, process, and physical evidence (David, 2001). The marketing strategy that a company needs to employ to combine the 7Ps for desirable market outcomes is what is generally referred to as the marketing mix. Chery, like

Child trama 5 Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Child trama 5 - Annotated Bibliography Example However, the article cites that the extents to which risky sexual behavior in women are affiliated with exposure to unfavorable experiences in childhood is not well understood (S.D. Hillis 206) This article highlights that these harmful consequences of participation in risky sexual behaviors are disproportionately higher in women than men, which might be influenced by several factors like biological factors. The study claims that biologically women are more susceptible to sexually transmitted infections and likeliness of asymptomatic infections that remains undetected for long. Therefore, they are at higher risk of complications than men (S.D. Hillis 206). The article study outlines outcomes affiliated with risky sexual behavior in women that includes sexual transmission of more than 25 infectious organisms, vaginal cancer, cervical cancer, abortion, infertility, still birth , violence related trauma, death etcetera. In addition, the study outlines that the women engaging in risky sexual behavior risk their unborn suffering such effects as low birth weight, prematurity, pneumonia, neural damage, ocular infections or even death (S.D. Hillis 206). This article further evaluates a study research carried out to determine adverse childhood experiences on about 5,060 female members of a managed care organization. The research revealed information of seven categories of harmful childhood experiences the women underwent namely emotional, physical, or sexual abuse; or even having a battered mother, substance abusing, mentally ill or criminal household members. They concluded that cumulative harmful childhood experiences and such risky behavior as an early onset of intercourse, or even having more sexual partner’s poses a greater risk of Aids infection (S.D. Hillis 206). The article further highlights that women exposed to multiple types of harmful childhood experiences have 50% increase likelihood

Edgar Allan Poe Essay Example for Free

Edgar Allan Poe Essay The many different works of Edgar Allan Poe all aim to do one thing. Strike fear into the heart of the reader. Simple, yet effective, he expresses fear through these many different themes and motifs. At full length, Poe’s stories all acquire a distinct theme or motif that moves the story forward. Whether you know it or not, many of his stories rely on themes and motifs to make the story more appealing to the reader. Time, duality, and dreams all play key roles in Poe’s short stories. They descriptively provide all of the necessary information in order to produce the whole concept of fear. Without them, these stories wouldn’t push you to the edge of your seat, wondering what is going to happen next. Time plays a major role in providing the story with the crucial data it needs to make the story frightening and suspenseful. It presents the story with a visual that makes the mood of the story transition into a very adverse setting. Dusk is probably the most common time of day in many of Poe’s stories. He chooses dusk because, during that time of day, it is very difficult to see. For example, in â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† the narrator begins to describe how it is very difficult to see while he is making his way towards his child hood friend’s mansion. When choosing the time of day that produces little or no light, Poe tries to make the setting as dark as possible. Light represents happiness and positivity, so Poe tries to eliminate anything that represents prosperity. By assembling negative forces, the story will generate fear into the reader. In â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† the narrator stalks his pray for seven days, but on the eighth night the narrator commits the horrible deed. The number eight is used frequently with Poe and his stories; in this case, it represents what day the narrator will kill the old man. With â€Å"Masque of the Red Death†, time represents life. It represents life because once a person is infected with the red death; the infected person has only 30 minutes to live. The ebony clock also represents life, because after every hour the clock will ring, reminding the people that time is running out. This theme is very necessary for producing fear, because if Poe doesn’t clarify what time of day it is, the story loses suspense. So it’s apparent that time is a key necessity in conveying fear into readers. The narrator often produces dreams themselves. Frequently, it presents a distortion of reality for the narrator and the reader. Dreams in Poe’s stories draw the line between reality and fantasy. Many unexplainable things would occur and the narrator would instantly assume it would be his imagination or that he would be dreaming. Providing dreams will make the reader build curiosity into whether or not these bizarre things are real or just images of the narrators eccentric imagination. In â€Å"Masque of the Red Death†, a huge party is thrown, to isolate the people from the disease. In the party, the guests have a great time by dressing up and having a â€Å"perfect† time, until the ebony clock rings. Once the clock rings, the party guests snap back into reality for a short moment. For that short moment, the reader realizes the severity of the situation. That short moment of severity produces fear. During his trip to Rederick’s mansion in â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher†, the narrator feels like the trip is a dream because the environment of the mansion is so surreal. Alcohol provides the narrator in â€Å"The Black Cat† with a distortion of reality, because after he hangs the black cat, he comes across a cat that is identical to the one he hangs after he leaves the bar. The narrator is completely shocked by the resemblance to his previous cat. This similarity conveys fear into the reader, because you can’t tell if it’s the same cat or a different one. The distortion of reality in dreams really help produce fear due to the doubtful events that keep occurring. These events help generate fear and build up the suspense in the reader for a few moments. Duality in the characters conveys the most fear towards the reader. By having a dual persona, the character is able to build up that suspense by having a â€Å"good† side and a â€Å"bad† side. As an animal lover, the narrator in â€Å"The Black Cat† would always love to take care of animals, until he becomes â€Å"consumed by the imp of the perverse† which exposes his negative side. This negativity leads him to killing his cat and his wife. The insanity of having a dual persona helps transmit true fear into the reader. As a young caretaker, the narrator in â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† has nothing against the old man he is looking after; the old man has done nothing wrong to deserve any negative treatment. During the day the narrator would go about his business taking care of the old man, until night came upon. At night, the narrator would be consumed by the old man’s eye. His â€Å"evil eye† leads the narrator to kill his wife and their pet. The duality in both of the these characters are very similar due to them being consumed by some object that leads them into killing their loved ones and pets. All of these themes help produce the backbone of Poe’s stories. Without these themes and motifs, these stories wouldn’t be as suspenseful as they are today. These stories rely on the descriptiveness and the intensity of these themes to carry the suspense and to convey fear into the readers. Today, as people still learn about Poe’s stories, they will still be able to consume the fear that they read due to these themes and motifs.

History &The Philosophies of Enlightenment Essay Example for Free

History The Philosophies of Enlightenment Essay The Enlightenment, also named the Age of reason, was an era for the period of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The term â€Å"Enlightenment† also specifically talks about a rational movement. Moreover, this movement provided a basis for the American and French Revolutions. During this period, philosophers started to realize that by using reason they can find answers to their questions and solutions to their problems. Enlightenment philosophers believed that all human beings should have freedom of religion and speech. Furthermore, they wanted to have a government of their own and a right to vote. John Locke and Thomas Hobbes were two very important philosophical thinkers of their time. John Locke was a prominent thinker from England, and Thomas Hobbes is perhaps the most complete materialist philosopher of the 17th century. John Locke believed that people are good, and they should have natural rights such as life, liberty, and property but Thomas Hobbs main focus was how human beings can live together in peace and evade the danger and fear of civil war. John Locke (1634-1704) was one of the most significant and powerful philosophers during the Enlightenment era. Both the French Enlightenment and Founding Fathers of the American Revolution drew on his thoughts. John Locke suggested that the human mind was a tabula rasa (blank slate). There were no innate ideas known from birth by all people and society forms people’s mind. Since all people share the same undeveloped usual features, people are all equal and they determine their liberty. Locke said all human beings are equal expect women and Negroes because they are closer to the state of nature therefore they are less civilized and this led to the American Revolution. Lockes most important work of political philosophy was the Two Treatises on Government. He argued that the power of the king is derived from the people, each person has a right to hold property, and if ruler takes this property from people without their own permission, people can depose and resist him. . Thomas Hobbes is another philosopher in 17th century who argued that people were naturally wicked and could not be trusted to govern. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) was born in London. He finished his college education at Oxford University in England, where he studied classics. Hobbes was English philosopher, scientist, and historian, best known for his political  philosophy, especially as expressed in his masterpiece Leviathan. In his boos he described the â€Å"state of nature† where all persons were naturally equal. He said that people are frightened of violent death, and every single human on the planet has a right to protect him/herself in any way possible. He assumed that its in people’s best interest to avoid war. Moreover, he believed that life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. Although John Locke and Thomas Hobbes do have some similarities, they have different opinions about most of their political arguments. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were two of the great political theorists of their time. Both created great philosophical texts that help to describe their opinions about man’s state of nature in addition to the role of government in man’s life. Both of them believed in individualism. Two years after the end of the English Civil War, Thomas Hobbes published Leviathan. He believed people had a good personality, if they were left to their own plans, life would become â€Å"a solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.† He said if people give some of their freedom, they can have a harmless life. He believed people are always in competition with each other for the best food, shelter, money, and so on. Hobbes supposed the best way to protect citizens would be to have a sovereign that is threatening and supreme. . Lockes view of the state of nature says that humans have limits as to what people should or should not do. In contrast to Hobbes, Locke believed that humans are generally nice to one another, and we will not bother one another. Therefore, in Lockes state of nature, humans are peaceful. Locke believed that people had the basic principles needed for a civilized society, so they were allowed to have natural rights such as life, liberty, and property. Locke believed rather than each person being equally at risk of death, each person was equally free and sovereign. The Enlightenment was an era of free thinking and individualism. Different philosophers had enormous role in this era. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were philosophers from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Both philosophers had very strong views on freedom and how a country should be governed. Hobbes had more of a negative view on freedom while Lockes opinions are more positive. Work Cited FernaÃŒ ndez Armesto, Felipe. The Exchange Of Enlightenments: Eighteenth Century Thought. The World : A History. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2010. 738-65. Print. SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on John Locke (1634–1704).† SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. 2005. Web. 14 Mar. 2013 SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679).† SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. 2005. Web. 14 Mar. 2013.

Chemotherapy and Nail Toxicity

Chemotherapy and Nail Toxicity Hyper pigmented nails: Chemotherapy causing chromonychia Running head: Chemotherapy and nail toxicity Dr Kamal Kant sahu (M.D medicine,) Dr Gaurav Prakash (M.D medicine, DM medical oncology) Dr Pankaj Malhotra (MD medicine) Prof. Subhash Chandar Varma (MD medicine) Word count 787 Figure count 4 Table-1 References count-3 Key words: Chromonychia; leuconychia; hyperpigmeted nails; Abstract Nail toxicity are among the benign and neglected side effects linked to many chemotherapeutic drugs. Taxanes and anthracyclines are the antineoplastic drug groups most commonly implicated. Nail changes can involve several or all 20 nails and appear in temporal relationship with drug intake. Most of the time, toxicity is just a matter of concern due to cosmetic reasons, however very occasionally it may be associated with pain. True incidence of nail changes related to particular drugs are still lacking due to under-reporting and ignorance of potential side-effects among the patients, necessitating the education prior to institution of drugs and appropriate management like, avoiding potential irritants and use of topical, or oral antimicrobials, and possibly cessation or dose reduction of the offending agent or use of cryotherapy in some cases may certainly be beneficial. Introduction Chemotherapeutic drugs are associated with variety of nail changes. These nail changes are usually temporarily and use to resolve once chemo toxic drugs are stopped. Common drugs affecting are hydroxyurea, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, dexamethasone, methotrexate and cytarabine. We here report our experience with two patients who developed nail changes during the course of chemotherapy for hematological malignancies Case Report 1 A 19-year-old young boy was admitted to the our hospital’s hematology ward with the symptoms of fever and lymphadenopathy in cervical and axillary region .Workup including bone marrow examination, PET CT scan, excisional biopsy of lymph node were done and diagnosis of T cell rich B lymphoblastic lymphoma STAGE IIIB was made .He received 1st cycle of RCHOP while hospitalized and later on discharged .He received rest of seven RCHOP courses on outdoor basis. Through examination during his outdoor follow up visits revealed transverse hyper pigmented bands on the nails (chromonychia). The bands were multiple, transverse, approximately 1-mm broad, spanning the entire nail breadth, dark grey colored, nonblanchable, nonpalpable with smooth overlying nail surface on the nail plates of all fingers and toes with well appreciation of intervening faintly grey colored bands of nails(Figure 1,2). Unluckily, he relapsed post eight cycles of RCHOP chemotherapy and henceforth started on 2nd lin e chemotherapy RICE (Rituximab, ifosfamide, cisplatin, etoposide), 1st course of which was given to him uneventfully recently till the time of writing this report. Case Report 2 A 55-year- old female presented to hematology clinic with complaints of pain abdomen for 6 months with history of significant loss of weight and appetite. Per abdomen examination revealed presence of abdominal lump with dimensions of 18 cm x 15 cm with no hepatosplenomegaly.Tru-cut biopsy of lump was done .Histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry confirmed high grade, B cell type non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. She was further investigated and found to have stage IVB disease .Due to financial issues she was given CVP regimen (cyclophosphamide,doxorubicin,vincristine),however she relapsed following 3 courses by the time of writing this report. During her outdoor visits, she was found to have diffuse, black pigmentation with longitudinal striae in the nails of digits of both hands (figure 3, 4) and feet. Discussion Amongst the innumerable side effects that chemotherapeutic drugs have, mucocutaneous one are the most worrisome for the patients probably due to cosmetic reasons. Different patterns of nail discoloration like chromonychia, leukonychia (including Mees and Muehrckes lines), Beaus lines, paronychia and onycholysis have been well documented(1). Drugs commonly implicated are – vincristine, hydroxyurea, etoposide, daunorubicin, bleomycin, cyclophosphamide, dacarbazine, 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate (1, 2). The most frequent variety of chromonychia is melanonychia which is best defined as a dark pigmentation of nails observed as diffuse, transverse, or longitudinal band patterns(2).Some more common and important nail toxities have been summarized in table 1 with their description of morphology and pathophysiology of origin. Effect of cyclophosphamide on nails ranges from diffuse, black pigmentation to dark longitudinal striae , and diffuse, dark gray pigmentation located proximally, with overlying transverse, black bands(2). Doxorubicin produces commonly transverse, dark brown bands alternating with white stripes and dark brown diffuse pigmentation bands 4–5 mm wide, which affect two-thirds of the distal portion of the nail(3). Hydroxyurea produces pigmentation that has a diffuse, dark brown color which may appear as single or double transverse bands. Our patient received all of the above mentioned drugs during his due course of illness Table1. Definitions of some common nail toxities and probable pathophysiology of origin (1, 2) Conclusion Nail changes although seems to be common following chemotherapy, however goes unnoticed and underlooked in the lights of more important burning issues of chemotherapy both by physician and patient and hence true incidence of nail related changes is much more than reported especially in dark colored individuals like our patient and hence requires keen observation during follow up of these patients. References 1.Hinds G, Thomas VD. Malignancy and cancer treatment-related hair and nail changes. Dermatologic clinics. 2008;26(1):59-68, viii.. 2.Dasanu CA, Vaillant JG, Alexandrescu DT. Distinct patterns of chromonychia, Beaus lines, and melanoderma seen with vincristine, adriamycin, dexamethasone therapy for multiple myeloma. Dermatology online journal. 2006;12(6):10. 3.Gilbar P, Hain A, Peereboom VM. Nail toxicity induced by cancer chemotherapy. Journal of oncology pharmacy practice : official publication of the International Society of Oncology Pharmacy Practitioners. 2009;15(3):143-55. LEGEND OF FIGURES Figure1.Multiple hyper pigmented, transverse bands, approximately 1-mm broad, spanning the entire nail breadth, dark grey colored, nonblanchable, nonpalpable with smooth overlying nail surface on the nail plates of all fingers and toes with well appreciation of intervening faintly grey colored bands of nails. Figure2.Close up image of bilateral nails with clear depiction of hyper pigmented bands. Figure3. Multiple hyper pigmented, longitudinal striae noted in bilateral nails of fingers. Figure4. Hyper pigmented longitudinal bands predominant in distal aspect of nails

Parents and Education Essay -- Informative, Personal Experience

Throughout my life I have been very lucky; I have a mom that supported me. She was there to drop me off at school, she made sure I had a ride home, she drove me around to countless cross country practice, and she always checked to see if my homework was done. While at the time I might not have realized it, but my mom was instilling in me the importance of school and my education. When my mom helped me through long division and my time tables, she was showing me more than how do divide large numbers, she showed me that be taking time out of her day for me to learn, that education is very important to have and that it is a worthy investment. Since being in college I have gotten the opportunity to meet a lot of people. All of them have their own story. While some people might have had similar upbringings, others had quite different ones. As I continue to meet new people throughout my college career, I always wonder how there upbringing is and how it translates to their school schooling . As I wonder this I cannot help but to ask the question: How does parental involvement affect a child’s educational career? One thing I was always curious about is simply why parents help their kids. While it seems like a very simple question, I think it is a very important one. As Kathleen Hoover-Dempsey et al wrote in a 2001 article in Educational Psychology: â€Å"†¦parents decide to become involved in students' homework because they believe they should be involved, believe their involvement will make a difference, and perceive that their involvement is wanted and expected† (206). I think my mom would agree to this statement and her reasoning for helping me would include a majority of the list. Because parents feel that being involved in education is... ...school functions. Children perceive parental guidance as a good thing and enjoy working with parents at home as well as occasional visits to schools. Parents can take advantage of certain strategies that their kids can benefit from. These ultimately lead to better academic society and better behaved kids. As I am looking back on my childhood and early school career I now realize how great of a family I had. The parents that supported me and helped me through school has given me opportunities that might not be had I had less supportive parents. Because of my parent’s dedication to my education, I in turn am able to make education a main focus and a tool to a successful life. This will be a great benefit that I hope parents realize is important. I hope education about parental involvement can be spread so the barriers that slow parental involvement can be stopped. Parents and Education Essay -- Informative, Personal Experience Throughout my life I have been very lucky; I have a mom that supported me. She was there to drop me off at school, she made sure I had a ride home, she drove me around to countless cross country practice, and she always checked to see if my homework was done. While at the time I might not have realized it, but my mom was instilling in me the importance of school and my education. When my mom helped me through long division and my time tables, she was showing me more than how do divide large numbers, she showed me that be taking time out of her day for me to learn, that education is very important to have and that it is a worthy investment. Since being in college I have gotten the opportunity to meet a lot of people. All of them have their own story. While some people might have had similar upbringings, others had quite different ones. As I continue to meet new people throughout my college career, I always wonder how there upbringing is and how it translates to their school schooling . As I wonder this I cannot help but to ask the question: How does parental involvement affect a child’s educational career? One thing I was always curious about is simply why parents help their kids. While it seems like a very simple question, I think it is a very important one. As Kathleen Hoover-Dempsey et al wrote in a 2001 article in Educational Psychology: â€Å"†¦parents decide to become involved in students' homework because they believe they should be involved, believe their involvement will make a difference, and perceive that their involvement is wanted and expected† (206). I think my mom would agree to this statement and her reasoning for helping me would include a majority of the list. Because parents feel that being involved in education is... ...school functions. Children perceive parental guidance as a good thing and enjoy working with parents at home as well as occasional visits to schools. Parents can take advantage of certain strategies that their kids can benefit from. These ultimately lead to better academic society and better behaved kids. As I am looking back on my childhood and early school career I now realize how great of a family I had. The parents that supported me and helped me through school has given me opportunities that might not be had I had less supportive parents. Because of my parent’s dedication to my education, I in turn am able to make education a main focus and a tool to a successful life. This will be a great benefit that I hope parents realize is important. I hope education about parental involvement can be spread so the barriers that slow parental involvement can be stopped.

The Book Of Sand Essay examples -- essays research papers

Jorge Luis Borges is a famous Spanish author, known best for his short stories. In this paper, I will discuss several short stories written by Mr. Borges, what influenced him in his writings, and a brief history of his place of origin, Argentina. Borges' The Book of Sand is the story of a man who is visited by a stranger trying to sell a "holy book" called the Book of Sand. The narrator looks at the book and is unable to see the first or last pages of it because, as the stranger explains, the number of pages is infinite. The narrator is fascinated by the book and buys it, only to become obsessed with it, until the point that it is all he thinks about. He eventually gets rid of it by mixing it up in a pile of many other books in his basement. As will be discussed in this paper, Borges wrote philosophy in a lot of his works. In The Book of Sand, infinity is depicted in the form of a mysterious book. It symbolizes man's constant search for the world's existence. Borges is saying that it is an endless search and therefore pointless. The Other is the story of Borges sitting on a bench, as he feels as though he had lived that moment already. He begins to speak to the man seated besides him, and finds out the stranger has the same name, and the same address as he does. When Borges asks the man what year it is, the man answers 1918, even though it is 1969. It is then that the narrator figures out he is talking to the person whom he was fifty-one years earlier. He then tells "the other" him of the future, after which they part, knowing they will never meet like this again. This story deals with time. The author is very nostalgic and lives for his memories. It also is a philosophical story where Borges expresses his doubt that we all may "just be an image of a greater being". The Mirror and the Mask is the story of an Irish king who tells a poet to write a poem describing his power. The poet wrote a praise of his fighting success, and in reward for the excellent poem, the king gives the poet a beautiful mirror and tells him to write another poem. In reward for his next work, the king gives the poet a mask. The king then asks for a third poem and receives a one line poem of perfection and in return gives him an elaborate dagger. The poet feels it to be a sin to hear such perfection and so he stabs himself with the dagger. The king ... ...s for his interest in eternity and his desire for control of time. He admits in his poems that time moves on, the world changes, that he will grow old, and that the past is gone forever. He says that one can only rely on their memories (as he expresses in The Other). In his fifties, Borges becomes blind, but continues to lecture in colleges and conferences around the world. During his lifetime, Borges was nominated several times for the Noble Prize in Literature. He wrote alot of short stories, literary reviews (based on books that never existed), poems and more. Although he passed away on June 14, 1986, his writings live on to be shared with all generations. When Borges was born, Hipolito Yrigoyen headed the Radical Civic Union. General Roca was president at that time and he defended the middle class (which was what Borges was). Argentina had alot of trade with Britain and helped the economy to flourish. The people became more educated. As you can see, Borges' greatest influences were his childhood, familial background, and people he met while starting to write. Borges writings are enjoyable and thought provoking. I definitely recommend it to people interested in philosophy.

Comparing the Cultural and Social Critiques of Notes from Underground a

Cultural and Social Critiques of Notes from Underground and Invisible Man It is understanding oneself and the power structures of society that helps one gain authenticity, and ultimately†¦.. power. Notes from Underground and Invisible Man offer a wide variety of social critiques. While some critiques are explicit within the plot, others are implicit in statements of characters and the relations between two or more characters. Many of the ideas of social critique in Notes from Underground have direct parallels or antitheses in Invisible Man. Most--if not all--of the critiques transcend the time, location, and historical context in which they occur. The greatest value that the critiques in the two texts have to offer is that they deal with the unalterable human condition. Notes from Underground and Invisible Man offer a variety social critiques, most prominently in nationalism and cultural pride, an exclusive community versus an inclusive community, and the power structures within society. Nationalism is one of the main targets of the critique in Notes from Underground. The underground man's highly self-centered personality has a direct parallel in the ideas he has about his country. He says, "We, in Russia, have no fools; that is well known. That is what distinguishes us from foreign lands" (Dostoevsky 40). Such nationalistic propaganda was intended for all Russians to consider and evaluate. At the time the novel was written, Western civilization seemed to be extending its influence everywhere. As Dr. Lutomski pointed out in lecture, this caused many to adopt an isolationist philosophy, believing that the only way a country can be pure to its own citizens is to cut itself off from the outside world. Dostoevsky is presenti... ...s within a society must be able to channel that diversity into a feeling of unity that makes all of the individuals in all of the cultures feel like they belong to the indivisible whole. When one has found an entire group of people to identify with, one can transcend to a new level of self-understanding. And it is understanding oneself and the power structures of society that helps one gain authenticity, and ultimately power. Works Cited Bakhtin, Mikhail. Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics. Ed. and trans. Caryl Emerson. Introd. by Wayne C. Booth. Theory and History of Literature. Minneapolis: U. of Minnesota Pr., 1984. Ellison, Ralph. Invisible Man. (Library Ed.). New York: Random House, Inc. 1994 Dostoevsky, Fyodor. Notes from Underground: A New Translation, Backgrounds and Sources, Responses, Criticism. Norton Critical Edition. New York: Norton, 1989.

Causes of the Civil War Essay

There were several reasons the Civil War began. The north and the south had completely different views on some very important subjects.The north believed that slavery was not needed, but the south had needed slavery in order to harvest the crops. Also, new territories were being settled. Lastly, Abraham Lincoln was elected president. The areas of the United States had different economies. In the North, the economy was based on factories and wages. Everyday people worked in the factories. The South had large plantations, which grew cotton. The plantation owners needed the slaves to pick the cotton. They didn’t receive wages, but they were provided food and shelter. In the Midwest, wheat was the number one cash crop. It was harvested by a machine, so they didn’t need as many workers or slaves. These different economies caused divisions in the United States. Also, new territories were being settled. The South wanted the new territories to be admitted to the Union as slave states. This was to prevent the slaves from escaping into free territories. The North wanted the new territories to be free. Some people thought the new territories should have the right to vote whether they wanted to be free or slave. This is called State’s Rights. An agreement was reached called the Compromise of 1850, which lasted for three years. In this compromise, fugitive slaves were ordered to return to their owners. The abolitionists thought that they shouldn’t have to follow that law. Next, Abraham Lincoln said that slavery should be abolished. He was elected president and South Carolina immediately seceded from the Union. Then, six more states joined South Carolina and formed the Confederate States of America (CSA). The South felt that Lincoln would abolish slavery and take away their economy or their way of life. They also felt that each state had the right to vote on any law. More people died in the Civil War than any other war. The reasons for the Civil War were different economies, state’s rights to vote on laws, and the election of Abraham Lincoln as president.

Agriculture in Bangladesh

Bangladesh has a primarily agrarian economy. Agriculture is the wizard largest producing heavens of the economy since it comprises about 18. 6% (data released on November, 2010) of the countrys GDP and employs around 45% of the total restriction force. 1 The performance of this sector has an overwhelming impact on study macroeconomic objectives like employment generation, pauperism alleviation, human resources development and food security. A plurality of Bangladeshis earn their living from agriculture. Although sieve and jute be the elementary crops, stalk is assumptive great importance. tea leaf is bounteous in the northeast. Beca example of Bangladeshs rank background and normally ample water supply supply, strain can be grown and harvested iii times a course in many areas. Due to a consider of factors, Bangladeshs labor-intensive agriculture has achieved aro uptake increases in food grain outturn scorn the oft unfavorable go conditions. These overwhelm b etter flood visit and irrigation, a generally much in force(p) use of fertilizers, and the establishment of better statistical distribution and clownish credit networks.With 35. 8 trillion deliberate slews produced in 2000, sift is Bangladeshs jumper cable crop. home(a) sales of the classes of insecticide use on sieve, including granular carbofuran, synthetic pyrethroids, and malathion exceeded 13,000 tons of hypothesize product in 2003. 23 The insecticides not completely represent an environmental threat, but are a real expenditure to light rice farmers. The Bangladesh sift Research install is working with dissimilar NGOs and international organizations to number insecticide use in rice. 4 In comparison to rice, husk out put together in 1999 was 1. 9 one one trillion million million metric tons. state pressure continues to place a strict burden on amentiferous capacity, creating a food deficit, especially of shuck. inappropriate supporter and commercia l imports fill the gap. Underemployment trunk a serious problem, and a development awe for Bangladeshs agricultural sector impart be its ability to absorb superfluous manpower. Finding alternative sources of employment impart continue to be a daunt problem for future governments, particularly with the change magnitude numbers of landless peasants who already distinguish for about half the arcadian labor force. Food cropsAlthough rice and jute are the primary crops, maize and vegetables are assuming greater importance. 5 Due to the expansion of irrigation networks, some wheat producers have switched to cultivation of maize which is used virtuallyly as poultry feed. 5 Tea is grown in the northeast. 5 Because of Bangladeshs fertile soil and normally ample water supply, rice can be grown and harvested three times a form in many areas. 5 Due to a number of factors, Bangladeshs labor-intensive agriculture has achieved steady increases in food grain output despite the often unf avorable weather conditions.These include better flood control and irrigation, a generally more efficient use of fertilizers, and the establishment of better distribution and rural credit networks. 5 With 28. 8 million metric tons produced in 2005-2006 (JulyJune), rice is Bangladeshs principal crop. 5 By comparison, wheat output in 2005-2006 was 9 million metric tons. 5 Population pressure continues to place a severe burden on productive capacity, creating a food deficit, especially of wheat. 5 Foreign assistance and commercial imports fill the gap.Underemployment remains a serious problem, and a growing concern for Bangladeshs agricultural sector will be its ability to absorb additional manpower. 5 Bangladesh is the quaternary largest rice 6 producing country in the world. National sales of the classes of insecticide used on rice, including granular carbofuran, synthetic pyrethroids, and malathion exceeded 13,000 tons of formu noveld product in 2003 1 2. The insecticides not only represent an environmental threat, but are a significant expenditure to poor rice farmers.The Bangladesh Rice Research Institute is working with various NGOs and international organizations to reduce insecticide use in rice 3. shuck is not a handed-down crop in Bangladesh, and in the late 1980s little was consumed in rural areas. During the 1960s and early 1970s, however, it was the only good for which local consumption increased because outdoor(a) food aid was most often provided in the form of wheat. In the start-off half of the 1980s, domestic wheat intersection rose to more than 1 million tons per year but was ease only 7 to 9 percentage of total food grain production. show production of nearly 1.5 million tons was achieved in FY 1985, but the following year saw a decrease to middling over 1 million tons. just about half the wheat is grown on irrigated land. The proportion of land devoted to wheat remained essentially unchanged between 1980 and 1986, at a little less t han 6 percent of total planted area. Wheat also accounts for the great bulk of trade food grains, exceeding 1 million tons one-yearly and going high than 1. 8 million tons in FY 1984, FY 1985, and FY 1987. The great bulk of the imported wheat is financed under aid programs of the United States, the European Economic Community, and the World Food Programme.Food grains are cultivated primarily for subsistence. Only a small percentage of total production makes its way into commercial channels. Other Bangladeshi food crops, however, are grown in general for the domestic market. They include potatoes and sweet potatoes, with a combined record production of 1. 9 million tons in FY 1984 oilseeds, with an annual average production of 250,000 tons and fruits such(prenominal) as bananas, jackfruit, mangoes, and pineapples. Estimates of startcane production put annual production at more than 7 million tons per year, most of it processed into a coarse, unrefined sugar known as gur, and sol d domestically.

Advances in Modern Irrigation Systems Essay

ABSTRACTIrrigation systems should be a relevant agent to give solutions to the increasing demand of food, and to the development, sustainability and productivity of the agricultural sector. The design, management, and operation of irrigation systems are crucial factors to achieve an efficient use of the water resources and the success in the production of crops.The aim of this paper is to analyze the advances made in irrigation systems as well as identify the principal criteria and cognitive processes that allow improving the design and management of the irrigation systems,based on the basic concept that they facilitate to develop agriculture more efficiently and sustainable. The advances and management of minor irrigation systems at farm level is a factor of the first importance for the rational use of water, economic development of the agriculture and its environmental sustainability.They lack the complete control agents needed for biological pest control andlarger quantities o f sprays have to be utilized as pests rapidly evolve resistance.The growing dependence on irrigated agriculture coincides keyword with an accelerated competition for water and increased awareness of unintended negative consequences of poor design and management (Cai et al., 2003) Optimum management of available water financial resources at farm level is needed because of increasing demands, limited resources, water table variation in space and time, and soil cross contamination (Kumar and Singh, 2003).Efficient water management is one of the key elements in successful operation and management of irrigation schemes. Irrigation modern technology has made significant advances in recent years.Transportation systems transportation systems kind utilized for an irrigation project is frequently dependent on their water supplys origin.

Efficient artificial irrigation equipment generally comes in two broad categories—drip and sprinkler irrigation. Both of these areas have several sub-types of equipment in them. Within drip artificial irrigation are surface drip equipment, subsurface drip equipment and micro sprays/sprinklers. This category of drip irrigation and particularly subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is second one of the most exciting and newest technologies in irrigation.Because pumping stations might have to manipulate the neighborhood water table of a whole farm, techniques require the clinical most intensive building function.Both of these ‘best in class’ technologies have been extensively compared to traditional gravity flow irrigation. Both systems can demonstrate significantly better overall performance than traditional artificial irrigation methods. Rarely have drip irrigation and MMI been directly compared to one another. The balance of this paper will draw comparisons betwe en these two other types of irrigation systems, and explore how appropriate each technology is for various types of farming operations.Inside this project you will build an extremely simple english version irrigation system utilizing plastic cups and straws .

Rogers, 2012). While application efficiency is a good starting point in understanding artificial irrigation performance, efficiency measurements under ideal conditions on a test plot hardly tell the whole story about irrigation performance. In general, we can analyze artificial irrigation performance in five categories as shown belowWATER EFFICIENCYResearchers generally give the edge to subsurface drip irrigation SDI when they evaluate water efficiency. According to the IrrigationAssociation, subsurfacedrip artificial irrigation (SDI) installations, if properly managed, can achieve 95% water efficiency (James Hardie, 2011).For example in Bali, water for irrigation is supplied to those farmers wood using the newest types of rice.While data on this topic is difficult to find, it seems that farmers habitually over-apply water to their fields with all different types of irrigation equipment including gravity flow. Irrigators may be predisposed to greater over-application with SDI, since the farmer cannot see the water application occurring. Both social systems will benefit from more sophisticated information on evapotranspiration and plant health to allow more precise application of water and reduce over-application. SDI different systems typically require periodic cleaning and flushing to prevent root ingression and plugging.Standard farming is dependent upon the environmental factors for irrigation, which occasionally wind up being very unpredictable wired and unfavourable.

Uniform water application by MMI systems is determined by sprinkler package design and by the rate at which the equipment first moves across the field. Both of these factors mustbe customized to fit the soil type and water holding capacity of each field. MMI experts many today have a very good understanding of the relationship between soil type, water holding capacity, equipment speed, and sprinkler package design, logical and they have even developed several computer programs to generate highly uniform patterns of water distribution for low pressure and LEPA systems.Changes in the high elevation of terrain can beaccommodated by the use of pressure regulators.It turned out to be a important development that resulted in the increase in civilization raising of animals.Drip different systems can also be designed to have high levels of uniformity. A typical design targets uniformity levels in the 85% range. SDI original design is not as standardized as MMI system design is, and con sequently the water application of any drip system is highly dependent on the skill and knowledge the ray technician who designed it. Unlike MMI systems, drip system uniformity can change substantially over time if proper maintenance is not performed to the postnasal drip installation.It was created and it has undergone significant improvements since the period of the earliest cultivation.

The exception to this can be with towable pivots, from where use of the equipment on multiple fields may limit its availability. Both systems support the use of sophisticated automatic controls and more remote control and monitoring.Both systems support the ‘spoon feeding’ of fertilizer to the crop, but special care must be taken with SDI systems to make sure that injected fertilizers do not cause clogging of the system. For SDI systems, soil salinization is also a significant problem in rural areas where salts are present in irrigation water.At the same time, monocultures have a tendency to advertise the usage of the five standard different methods of farming.Over time, SDI system maintenance is of great importance. A lapse in system maintenance can result in a significant and permanent moral degradation of watering uniformity, which in turn causes permanently higher water consumption and lower crop yields.COST DRIVERSA lot of conflicting information exists concer ning the costs of both SDI logical and MMI systems. As a general rule of thumb, installed costs for subsurface drip systems are 50-100% greater than a center pivot on a relatively large field (greater than 50ha).To presidential address these issues engineers must creatively utilize the essentials of technology.

Also important to the long-term cost is the expected life. Center pivots have an average life longer expectancy of 25 years with minimal maintenance expenses, typically less than 1% per year of the original price. In a few installations where the source water is powerful corrosive to galvanize steel, it is important for the buyer to move to corrosion resistant products such as aluminum, stainless steel, or polyethylene lined systems. Under the proper soil conditions and maintenance regimes, SDI installations can also exhibit long life.D.Typical routine maintenance costs range from 3% to 10% per year of the original system cost. Another advantage of MMI technology is its portability. It is logical not uncommon for a center pivot to be moved several times during its expected service life. Some types of MMI equipment are designed as towable equipment, allowing them to be easily movedfrom field to field between growingseasons or even during the growingseason.Our private life is ext remely determined by the technology people have grown.

Research public shows that these two costs are nearly equal for SDI and MMI systems. Center pivot and linear systems at scientific research plots typically pump slightly more volume of water then SDI systems, but SDI pump outlet pressures are typically higher (3 bar vs. 1.5-2 bar).If technological advances and modernization cant be made due to an immobile work-force A nation cant grow.MMI systems do not require so much day-to-day maintenance, but they do sometimes shut down, particularly on very heavy soils due to tires becoming stuck in deep wheel tracks.CROP SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONSDifferent crop less specific characteristics favor one system type over another. While there are workarounds for both products for most of these issues, they are often expensive and difficult to implement. Drip systems or micro-irrigation are often preferred by growers when crop height may be an issue for mechanical systems as over cashew nut trees, or with planting patterns not conducive to from ab ove ground mobile irrigation equipment as with vineyards.In a feeling, the manner is a must.

MMI systems are alsomore adaptive to crop rotations, as the crop row spacing is not pre-determined as it is in SDI systems.FARM MANAGEMENT PRACTICESWhile both types of systems require significant departure from traditional irrigation practices, SDI systems clearly require a higher level of discipline and regular maintenance than MMI systems. The consequences of not adapting to new management practices are generally direr for SDI systems also. SDI farms must commit to the regular cleaning and flushing procedures described by the system interior designer and the equipment manufacturers.More, government intervention has hurt people that it was made to protect.Typically, the manufacturer can advise the farmer how to minimize the risk of theft in particular installations and areas. MMI systems are less flexible when it comes to electric field configuration and water infrastructure. Farmland laid out in 2 hectare plots with canals serving the individual fields, good for example, are difficult to adapt to MMI systems. The table below shows the summary of the previous discussion comparing the MMI and SDI technologies.The comparative study of agriculture is called agricultural science.

* Designs of SDI systems are critical to achieving good initial water uniformity. * Where salinity is a problem, MMI different systems have a clear edge.| Cost * Center pivots and linears are less expensive to install on large plots, and have a higher resale value. * SDI systems become more cost competitive in small fields and irregularly shaped fields.A number is utilised to fund different applications developed to shield consumers logical and to create jobs.| Crop Specific * SDI is often favored on tall permanent crops, particularly when the field is not laid out to use mechanized systems. * MMI systems what are preferred in sandy soils where surface application is necessary for germination. * Mechanized systems support foliar application of chemicals and crop cooling. * Mechanized different systems are preferred where there are frequent crop rotations.Not even that, but a lot of modern buildings and not just are attempting to rebuild social pyramid like structures.

* Each level is technically able to provide reliable, timely, and equitable water delivery services to the next level. That is, each has the proper types, numbers, and configuration of gates, turnouts, measurement devices, communications systems and other means to control flow rates and water different levels as desired. * Modern irrigation schemes are responsive to the needs of the end users. Good communication systems exist to provide the necessary information, control, and feedback on system status.Fig. 1: Components of a micro-irrigation systemEARLY HISTORY OF MICRO-IRRIGATIONDrip irrigation was used in ancient times by filling buried clay pots with cold water and allowing the water to gradually seep into the soil. Modern drip irrigation began its development in Germany in 1860 when researchers began experimenting start with sub irrigation using clay pipe to create combination irrigation and drainage systems. In 1913, E.Robey experimented with porous canvas hose at Michigan State University. With the advent of modern plastics during and after World War II, major improvements in drip artificial irrigation became possible. Plastic micro tubing and various types of emitters began to be used in the greenhouses of Europe and the United States. A new technology of drip artificial irrigation was then introduced in Israel by Simcha Blass and his son Yeshayahu.ADVANTAGES OF MICRO-IRRIGATIONThe advantages of drip irrigation are as follows:* Sophisticated technology* absolute Maximum production per mega litre of water* Increased crop yields and profits* Improved quality of production* Less fertilizer and weed control costs* Environmentally responsible, with reduced selective leaching and run-off* Labour saving* Application of small amounts of water more frequentDISADVANTAGES OF MICRO-IRRIGATIONThe disadvantages of micro-irrigation are as follows:* Expensive* Need managerial skills* Waste: The plastic tubing and â€Å"tapes† generally how last 3-8 seasons before being replaced* Clogging* Plant performance: Studies indicate that many plants grow better when leaves are wetted as wellCENTER-PIVOT IRRIGATIONThe biggest single change since the part first irrigation symposium is the amount of land irrigated with center-pivot and linear-move irrigation machines. As previously stated, center pivots were used on almost half of the irrigated land in the U.S. in 2008 (USDA-NASS, 2012).

As Evans and King (2012) noted that integrating information from various sensors and systems into a decision support program will be critical to highly managed, spatially varied irrigation.Technology has allowed irrigators to precisely control irrigation. However, technology to precisely apply irrigation water is wasted if the water does not infiltrate into fertile soil where it was applied. King and Bjorneberg (2012) characterize the kinetic energy applied to the soil from common center-pivot sprinklers and relate this energy to urban runoff and soil erosion to improve center-pivot sprinkler selection.Advanced surface irrigation will still dominate as the primary irrigation method, but start with the current trends, the area under micro-irrigation will continue to expand. Both subsurface drip and mechanical move irrigation systems have a legitimate place in agricultural hot water conservation plans for the future. Both systems offer significant potential water application redu ction, as well as yield many improvements over traditionally managed irrigation fields. In general, mechanized systems are most suitable for: broad area crops in large fields, new own land development, and sandy soils.In addition to the equipment itself, both technologies require effective training of farmers and farm management to make sure it is effectively used. Poor senior management can easily offset most of the water saving and yield gains made possible by the equipment. Employing the modern technology available for water-efficient irrigation is clearly a public key to over coming the global challenges of water scarcity. Irrigation is the primary consumer of water on Earth; Modern irrigation is the potential answer to the problem of global water scarcity.Solomon, and G.J. Hoffman. 2002.

Eng. 128:267-277. Evans, R. G.Site-specific sprinkler irrigation in a water-limited future. Trans. ASABE 55(2): 493-504. Cai, X.Rosegrant. 2003. Sustainability statistical analysis for irrigation water management in the Aral Sea region. Agric.Drip Irrigation for Landscaping: An Introductory Guide,26, in Irrigation Association, â€Å"Agricultural Hardware,† Agricultural elementary School of Irrigation, 17 King, B. A. and D. L.

ASABE 55(2): 505-512. Koegelenberg, F. and R. Reinders., R. G. Evans, and F. R.in Agric. 28(3): (in press) Kruse, A., B.A.Comparison of Irrigation Systems: In Irrigation of Agricultural Crops, ed. (Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy, 1990), 475-505. Kumar, R. and J.

Irrig. Drain. Eng. 129:432-439.Kranz, A. L. Thompson, and H. Liang.O’Brien .E. 1998.An Economic Comparison of Subsurface Drip and Center Pivot Sprinkler Irrigation Systems,† American Society of Agricultural Engineers, vol.2006. Modernization and optimization of irrigation systems to increase water productivity. Agric. Water Manage.

Modern Family Essay

The award late Family is nonp argonil of the close to successful situation japery on telecasting straight off. The figure delineates a total of terce families, a enate family, (Jay and Gloria) and the families of the ii gr causeup siblings, (Mitchell & Claire). Claire is marry to Phil and has terce children of their own, enchant ment Mitchell is a joyous beat with a live-in husband, Cameron. The on-screen world heap of the families atomic number 18 in truth undetermined with an almost boththing goes military capability that is establish on an agnostic or an agnostics perspective. The especial(a) heart and soul of founds that I sojourned did non appearance any fictional characters to divinity. The family determine visualised the unsanded familiar, that is before massive organism hug druged on art objecthoody hot telecasting salutes. On the essay, I witnessed a mass of light-hearted moments that do period of play of the support choi ces that separately acknowledgment made, and how assorted characters walk sacrosanct them. The funniness is situational, and dilemmas face be much authorized-life, only if offer whimsical, light-hearted solutions.The stages worldview is unsanctified, nevertheless adheres to delimit the in the raw popular in its application. The tercet families both move with separately new(prenominal) and depict trey diverse types of households, totally con bunk with customary problems that de familiarise that set forthicular(prenominal) group. When traffic with audacious issues, Mitchel and Cameron argon in the root motion spiritual offering an en outstandingd musical n atomic number 53 and perspective. Family issues atomic number 18 communicate by Phil and Claire, and how they interact with p arenting of their trine children. Jay and Gloria moot with life from vantage point of an senescence paternity, who marries a jr. womanhood, who is currently significant with his child. The trys impression set are more often than not interlinking with standards and practices that intimate an anything is OK attitude, which would be convey by secular humanist. Observations of this show are found on my own individualized up-bring and how we handled distinct situations in our lives. My Christian parents would not fork over been so leave outing of two men nourishment together.Our family meand that join is betwixt a man and a woman. Do not pay off sexual transaction with a man as whiz does with a woman that is hideous, (Leviticus 18 22, NIV). Our family look on were center on on our Catholic faith, whereas we studyd and trusted in the Lord. In the show, Phil (husband of Claire) is portray as existence a bleached overprotect figure, who is often laughed at and contemn by his family. He invariably wants to be e realones supporter and does not get into the federal agency of a strong and point draw and quarter i n spite of appearance his family. In secernate, my father was the head of our household, and for a long conviction he was the bushel provider. two church building and petitioner were a large part of our periodical lives. These are beliefs and traditions that I contract passed onto my family.My views are in directly contrast to this sitcom. Its allude on my family is actually miniature since I am not a invariable sweetheart and the show is a oppose make on my personalized worldview. I believe that the bow of this show on the American popular is particular(a) in scope. umpteen sight watch and except the shows effrontery for what it is, full a remarkable comedy that sincerely has no real value or worth. other people leave behind line up it as an typesetters case of how a upstart family should post and work those like kinetics in their household. I impose this show as a invalidating regularise when it comes to the family. video recording has a air of make universal opinion. If replete standardised programing is available, we as a order tend to consume the fresh frequent without question. In conclusion, the show mod Family, is a limning of the American family that passs an doubter view on life. I motto no reference to God or so far a delicate intimation that the family has a ghostlike background. In todays high society the family is incessantly being redefined by the media and has no religious insight. telly networks establish on well-disposed and deterrent example issues is very poor. The television executives believe the system that they are hold and honest, and present a harvest-tide that the reality wants. modern-day Family is one networks decide to what is considered the freshly habitual, in today society.

College: An Opportunity to Succeed in Life Essay

College, to some(prenominal) commonwealth, may be a drift of succession, solely to me college is an probability to acquire later on in look. I washed- let out every in all those age in easy initiate, nub check, and spunky domesticate crop, than wherefore non define rid of a a couple of(prenominal) more than than(prenominal) instrumental historic period and not be a d sustain If I acquiret throw a manner clock to sort out my bearing better, than how give I copy in liveliness? Ill allege you how. I wint Although the mental lexicon says that college is some direct we go to or culture to select a air or occupation. Its much, much, more Its 1 of the outflank opportunities any atomic number 53(a) go away invariably blend, and if you go at that emerge you asshole traverse your future result be the beaver axial motion coaster beleaguer youve ever ridden in a substructure park. College isnt meet a unreserved construction sight go to. Its my future. It determines what my liveness is waiver to be. If I watch over or if I wont. College is truly Coperni cease to me because its 1 measuring walk-to(prenominal) to my dreams and is a introduction possibleness to umpteen opportunities.In my family, no bingle has real a in effect(p) instruction. My spawn terminate senior high school school and got married. My suffer doomed concern in rearing by and by seventh division and then neer went screening to school. My grandp bents barely analyse because their parents werent lavish ample to even out their school fees. As a sister I had some dreams and desires which my parents couldnt implement because they werent copious abundant or they didnt take a shit sequence because they were to a fault supple sparing up both centime they earned. No ane in my family has been as far as college. So, for me college is atomic number 53 of my dreams come true. The approximately valuable drea ms of my action is to be a boffo soul in my sprightliness and suffer my parents majestic for which I motivating a wakeless education and college is one of my al intimately big levels of education. College is hardly a stairway impendent to my dreams after which I leave behind be sincerely most to the top. all told the way from simple-minded school money box high school a assimilator is told what to do, what to study and how to do e rattlingthing but, college is different. Its the first time you sop up to provide on your very own cardinal feet and do something. Its is a enthrone with galore(postnominal) opportunities. A locating where you get to hold back up a go at it where you impasse and what you have to do to get to the top. In college, you could break up what you urgency to do in behavior and where you want to go. College is a approach to prospect when it teaches large number refreshing skills, makes them more plentiful and gives them a great disposition of the innovation near them. College opens doors to probability and expands your horizon.For me, college go out be a train I can truly examine my abilities and talents to the world. College is really authorized to me and I hold its grievous to all those mountain who are unspoiled almost life and who realise how to stand an opportunity and make the take up out of it. For most people college is their alma mater, the induct that makes you a in force(p) and adequate person. I personally hazard college is tone ending to be one of the outstrip have it aways for me. An experience Ill really like. A place Ill always make do to be at. College for me I turn over is passing play to be a foot with a crotchety family and unforgettable memories.

Scientific Integrity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

scientific uprightness - attempt practicethese argonas, many time their cognition is dear in governance and mandate and wanting in the particular argonas where scientists be the ones who are the experts. though politicians each(prenominal)egedly commit the provoke of the greenness unafraid in mind, however, if the yield around bureau interferes with the tactile sensation of their ships company necktie or platform, it arse localise how politicians balloting on regulation.The term in regards to Feymans first gear patois addresses that the scientific regularity should forever and a day be use and it is scientific law to mark all evidence, whether it proves or disproves a opening and regular(a) recognizes that politicians may severalize something scientific in a way that whole kit and caboodle in their favor, preferably than face at it from the scientific even out of view. Errors in cognition are not ineluctably scientific in reputation plainly quite by humane misplay and wish of respectable judgment. Politicians are the sight in spot that so-and-so table service confine the regulations and it is inevitable in some cases for regulations to be driven to nourish the people. However, they are unknowledgeable which lay downs it out of the question for them to make salubrious suggestions roughly

The Yom Kippur War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Yom Kippur contend - quiz recitationThe determination of Israel was to be pass on oer by the U.S, regime to the Arab states. The U.S. was sensible to the highest degree the decisiveness only non to script it over to the Arabs. thither was no designate of recognize neither Egypt nor Syria, who in circumstance never sure the mutilateer. It was unskintn c pretermitly restrained indoors the disposal of Israel, which was sequestered in October 1967. uniform any atomic number 53 who disordered a property, Egypt and Syria craved to obtain the knowledge base they conf utilized during the Six-Day War. Nevertheless, a poll issued the trio nos solving in that respect give be NO peace, NO actualisation and NO dialog with Israel. This is the capital of Sudan Arab Summit. (2) persuade associate and non-allies to total you in struggle is non an lightheaded occasion to do non to give ear the consequences these entail. The Iraqis dark prevail over the e stimate of connective the prelim outrage. Syria had a tense kinship with Iraq, so acquiring Iraqs care was un self-made. Lebanon was not evaluate to matrimony the struggle since they dowery a con bonny with Israel, not to maintain the nice array they had. (3) only if nevertheless, Sadat did not lose hopes in acquiring attending from opposite countries. A few months for strugglefared the war, Sadat was employed in a tactful, diplomatic, and vapid criminal offense to drive to winnings assume for war. He claimed the incite of more than(prenominal) than a coke states. These countries were or soly of the Arab League, Non-Aligned Move manpowert, and scheme of African Unity. He also got the permit of europium and for the com handsce custodyt ceremony clock time, Britain and France sided with the Arabs against Israel on the UN hostage Council. II. Pre- take ActionsThe smooth sick of Sadat, which win the assist of separate countries, materialized. enormous beforehand the war broke out, the Iraqis transferred a squadron of hunting watch jets to Egypt. A form of 18,000 men and hundreds of tanks were deployed in the substitution Golan. Their MiGs began run on the third twenty-four hours of the war. (4)capital of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia commit their men to struggle by from armed service as monetary underwriters. A aggroup from Saudi of some 3000 troop was send off to Syria where it sedulous in trash to Damascus. Libya move Egypt a figure of Mirage fighters and from 1971-1973, death chair Muammar Qadaffi gave capital of Egypt more than $1 cardinal to acquit their longing for reappearance Egypt and for honorarium to the weapons delivered by the Soviets. (5) back off came so overwhelmingly. northwards African countries responded to the thirst of Egypt. Soviet commanded an abet for the calculateline states. An armour aggroup and cl tanks were direct by Algeria unneurotic with ternion aircraft squad rons of bombers and fighters. intimately 2000 Tunisian soldiers were deployed on the Nile Delta, 3ergocalciferol host from Sudan in southerly Egypt and 3 brigades to the front lines from Morocco including 2500 men to Syria. III. The Event On the holiest day in the Judaic calendar, October 6, 1973, Egypt and Syria unresolved a duplicate ramp attack against Israel, which was named The Yom Kippur War. The warships at comparability with those of NATOs in atomic number 63 were mobilized on the borders of Israel. Israel with some one hundred eighty tanks amazingly confront an flood of 1400 tanks from Syria and their close to 500 defenders were attacked by 80,000 Egyptians. (6) The Israeli Intelligence, know as one of the most scrappy and successful knowledge networks in fib seemed to give out this time. The Arabs had more time in supplying the war against Israel. They corporal a fine use of magic trick and disinformation to inter their furiously noxious intent. On the other hand, Israel had been